Laboratory Exercises in Identification of Organic Compounds

INTRODUCTORY WORD
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
INTRODUCTION
SAFETY ISSUES

1 DETERMINATION OF MASS AND MOLAR REFRACTION
2 DENSITY DETERMINATION
3 IDENTIFYING OF A SOLUBILITY GROUP
4 COMBUSTION TEST
5 FUSION WITH SODIUM TESTS
(test for heteroatoms)
6 TURIN DETERMINATION OF ORGANIC CARBON CONTENTS
(organic compounds)
7 DISTINCTION BETWEEN SATURATED AND UNSATURATED ALIPHATIC HYDROCARBONS
(hydrocarbons)
8 REACTION WITH BROMINE WATER
(alkenes, alkynes, phenols, anilines)
9 BAEYER TEST
(alkenes, alkynes, phenols)
10 REACTION WITH SODIUM
(active hydrogen detection)
11 TEST WITH SOLUTION OF IODINE
(unsaturated compounds, compounds containing oxygen atoms)
12 ALUMINIUM CHLORIDE IN CHLOROFORM TEST
(aromatic compounds)
13 FUMING SULPHURIC ACID TEST
(aromatic compounds)
14 TEST WITH SILVER NITRATE SOLUTION
(alkyl halides, acyl halides, carboxylic acids, sulphonic acids, chlorides of sulphonic acids)
15 TEST WITH SODIUM IODIDE SOLUTION
(alkyl, sulphonyl, acyl, allyl, and benzyl halides)
16 ACETYL CHLORIDE TEST
(alcohols, amines)
17 JONES REAGENT TEST
(alcohols, aldehydes, enols)
18 LUCAS TEST
(difference of 1˚, 2˚ and 3˚ alcohols)
19 CONCENTRATED HYDROCHLORIC ACID TEST
(tertiary alcohols)
20 IODOFORM TEST
(aldehydres, kethones, alcohols having a ch3 group in an α- position in relation to the carbonyl group)
21 TEST WITH IRON (III) CHLORIDE SOLUTION
(phenols and enols)
22 LIEBERMANN TEST
(phenol)
23 PHOSPHORUS(V) CHLORIDE TEST
(alcohols, phenols and carboxylic acids)
24 ESTRIFICATION OF ACETIC ACID
(alcoholes)
25 TEST FOR THE DETECTION OF POLYOLS
26 BORAX TEST
(carbohydrates, 1,2-diols, polyols)
27 FERROX TEST
(oxygen containing compounds)
28 TEST WITH 2,4-DINITROPHENYLHYDRAZINE
(aldehydes and ketones)
29 TEST WITH TOLLENS REAGENT
(aldehydes, carbohydrates)
30 FEHLING REAGENT TEST
(aldehydes, carbohydrates)
31 SODIUM BISULPHITE TEST
(aldehydes and ketones)
32 TEST WITH SOLUTION OF HYDROXYLAMINE
(aldehydes and ketones)
33 BENEDICT REAGENT TEST
(aliphatic aldehydes, carbohydrates)
34 TEST WITH PHENYLHYDRAZINE
(carbohydrates, vicinal di- and polyols)
35 OXIDATION TEST WITH ORTHOPERIODIC ACID
(carbohydrates, 1,2-diols, compounds α-hydroxycarbonylic and α-hydroxycarboxylic)
36 THE MOLISCH TEST
(carbohydrates and glycosides)
37 THE SELIWANOFF TEST
(distinguishing aldoses from ketoses)
38 SODIUM BICARBONATE TEST
(strong organic acids)
39 TEST FOR OBTAINING ESTERS
(carboxylic acids, anhydrides, acid chlorides)
40 DETERMINATION OF ESTERS BY HYDROLYSIS
(esters, organic acids)
41 HYDROXAMIC TEST
(esters, anhydrides, nitriles, amides)
42 MODIFIED HYDROXAMIC TEST
(aromatic sulphonic acids and their chlorides)
43 HYDROLYSIS WITH NaOH SOLUTION
(amides, nitriles)
44 FUSSION WITH SODIUM HYDROXIDE
(sulphonamides)
45 HINSBERG TEST
(difference of amines 1˚, 2˚, 3˚)
46 NITROUS ACID TEST
(amines)
47 NINHYDRIN TEST
(amino acids and ammonium salts, primary amines)
48 COPPER(II) SULPHATE SOLUTION TEST
(aminoacids)
49 TEST ON OXIDATION OF IRON(II) HYDROXIDE
(nitro compounds)
50 REDUCTION WITH ZINC AND AMMONIUM CHLORIDE
(aromatic and tertiary aliphatic nitro compounds and nitroso-, azoxyand azo-compounds)
51 KONOVALOV TEST
(aliphatic nitro compounds)
52 NITROUS ACID TEST ON NITRO COMPOUNDS
(aliphatic nitro compounds)
53 SODIUM HYDROXIDE TEST
(aromatic nitro compounds)
54 BIURET TEST
(peptides, proteins)
55 PROTEIN PRECIPITATION TEST
(proteins)
INDEX OF THE MOST IMPORTANT REAGENTS USED
INDEX OF THE MOST IMPORTANT EQUIPMENT USED
FINAL REPORT (template)
COMPLEMENTARY LITERATURE